Al tocar el tema sobre la sierra circular vienen a la mente las palabras de Joaquín Lavado “Quino” en su tira cómica “Mafalda” a través del personaje “Miguelito”, que dijo lo siguiente:
“Un cocinero enciende un fósforo y prepara un risotto; un incendiario enciende un fósforo y quema un parque nacional…”.
Y con la sierra circular ocurre algo similar. Una persona se capacita en sus partes, funcionamiento, uso eficaz y de precaución y la sierra circular le será una herramienta extensión de sus habilidades con los materiales.
De no hacerlo, esa herramienta se hará un riesgo y no por ella y su potencia, sino por el operario y su beligerancia.
De allí que este post es un llamado al aprendizaje teórico sobre la sierra circular que se transformará en una guía para que su atención, práctica y eficiencia personal le hagan lograr de ella el 100% eficaz para lo cual está destinada ser y hacer.
¿Qué es una sierra circular?
Es una máquina diseñada para aserrar con alta precisión, velocidad y fuerza tanto los diversos tipos de maderas como otros materiales, por ejemplo los tubos de PVC para la plomería o electricidad.
La misma consiste en un blindaje electromecánico a veces con forma de oruga, manivelas y botones especiales y seguros en una base extra firme en su edición fija o con agarres especiales para su versión manual.
Posee una hoja o sierra circular dentada; puede ser de combustión interna o eléctrico, llevando la energía del movimiento a través de un sistema de poleas, correas y/o engranes hasta el mandril donde se acopla la sierra circular dentada.
Su funcionamiento se basa en el giro a grandes velocidades (reguladas o no por el usuario) de la hoja dentada que al golpear el material a cortar producen un surco o canal que va ahondándose y/o agrandándose.
Se utiliza tanto para el corte total como para crear canales a rellenar o a ensamblar.
Características de una sierra circular
En cada sierra circular, tanto en la fija como la manual existe una bancada principal con un eje o mandril en la que se coloca el disco u hoja dentada, fijándose al eje mediante dos platillos que se ajustan a su vez contra la hoja mediante una tuerca.
Todo ello es para reforzar aún más la seguridad tanto como para evitar que se afloje, se tranque o tenga “baile”, lo que resultaría un riesgo para el operario, daño voraz a la máquina y pérdida del material a cortar.
En su versión fija, existen mesas adaptables a medidas de madera o materiales de corte, por ello el usuario debe tener bien en cuenta para qué las usará a la hora de adquirir una.
Poseen soportes especiales que fungen como alejamiento de seguridad como a su vez un extensible para materiales de mayor peso o para cortes en ángulos especiales.
La sierra circular fija se puede mover con palancas especiales para mejorar los ángulos, así como la versión manual posee agarraderas extras que permiten mejorar la posición del operario.
Algunas de las partes de una sierra circular
- Bloqueador de conexión del interruptor.
- Selector de revoluciones (velocidades).
- Interruptor de apagado / encendido.
- Empuñadura adicional (cortes en ángulo)
- Tornillo mariposa (guía de ángulos especiales)
- Tornillo mariposa (cortes normales en paralelo).
- Protector especial de la sierra (oruga)
- Colector y Expulsor de virutas.
- Hoja de sierra.
- Mandril / Eje de sierra.
La hoja dentada o sierra
Existen diversos tipos de hojas para cada modelo de sierra circular y a su vez deben ser analizadas en función al o los materiales a cortar.
Dicha atención se debe prestar a los tipos de dientes, sean éstos puntiagudos, de gancho, de lobo, las de dientes tipo R-S, dientes normales (un triángulo equilátero), tipo dientes de ratón (los más pequeños) o las triangulares (isósceles).
La madera blanda requiere dientes con gran ángulo de ataque y pequeño ángulo de filo, al contrario de la madera dura, donde se utiliza la de dientes más pequeños para poder ejercer una mayor presión continua, sin trabas.
Cada operario ha de ser no solamente diestro en el manejo de la sierra circular, sino también respetar las normas. De usar un ángulo de ataque grande y presión en una madera blanda, terminarían rasgando las fibras, creando cortes innecesariamente profundos y desperdiciando material.
También por la fuerza y el grado de revoluciones, haría que la madera se moviera de su soporte, se partiera o saliera expedida peligrosamente.
Cómo usar la sierra circular de manera correcta
El uso de la sierra circular es una enseñanza que pasa de operario a operario, teniendo las empresas fabricantes, escuelas técnicas, facilitadores técnicos o constructores gran responsabilidad en la enseñanza de su uso.
Se ocurre que ante el boom de modelos para otros trabajos además de lo profesional, como el bricolaje, ha obligado a maximizar la enseñanza a través del formato online.
Nosotros nos sumamos a ésta labor educativa y de seguridad con unas recomendaciones clave para el uso de todo tipo de sierra circular.
Normas de Seguridad
- Revisar meticulosamente la máquina antes de su uso.
- Afinar y utilizar sin excepción los dispositivos de seguridad integrados en la sierra circular, como la cubierta protectora (oruga), guías, apretar las tuercas.
- Asegurar el material a cortar de manera correcta, jamás displicente así sea un corte que podría realizar en dos a 4 segundos.
- Colocarse de manera correcta, que su postura sea adecuada para no hacer contacto cercano a la sierra ni al material.
- Evitar colocarse en la línea de corte, hágalo preferiblemente de lado.
- Evitar tocar el material y/o meter una mano mientras asierra.
- Tener limpio el mesón de trabajo o zona de corte, evitando tropiezos o elementos que salgan expelidos peligrosamente.
- Utilizar ropa adecuada que no se trabe con la sierra, agarraderas, cable, mesa, etc.
- Evitar las distracciones de toda índole, revisar su entorno al comenzar y en cada parada necesaria.
- Estar en el pleno de sus habilidades cognitivas y cognoscitivas, además de la salud integral.
- Revisar el ajuste de la hoja de la sierra circular para la profundidad deseada.
- De ser necesario mover el material sin detener a la sierra, hacerlo con planeación más que por instinto o reacción del momento, sujetando firmemente, con velocidad no de desespero.
- Ningún ajuste se hace con la sierra circular en marcha.
- Tenga presente la calidad de la hoja dentada y cuánto la ha utilizado. Debe crear un cronograma de reemplazo.
- Utilice marcas o plantillas, soportes de banco para sujetar a distancia prudente el material de corte.
- Evite estar mojado y los ambientes húmedos al operar la herramienta.
- No permita empalmes que sean pegados con adhesivo en el cableado, sustitúyalo completo.
- Evitar tener a curiosos o personal con impericia al lado de la zona de corte.
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