Características de la arquitectura neoclásica

417 comentarios / Historia de la Arquitectura
arquitectura neoclásica 3

La arquitectura neoclásica destaca por estar basada en las formas y en la arquitectura que utilizaban los romanos y los griegos, además de que elimino todas las medidas hechas con el cuerpo y utilizo un nuevo sistema métrico adoptado en Francia, el cual tuvo un gran impacto para favorecer la monumentalidad de este tipo de arquitectura.

arquitectura neoclásica 1

Entre las características de la arquitectura neoclásica también podemos destacar el hecho de tu utiliza símbolos y motivos redescubiertos en los edificios de Pompeya y Herculano. Bajo la revolución francesa y de Napoleón Bonaparte después, se empezaron a construir distintos edificios romanos en Francia y en el resto de los países de Europa y de América, sobre todo en las capitales.

Luego del Barroco y del Rococo, la arquitectura neoclásica representa una gran simplificación en la que dominan las líneas rectas sobre las curvas, encontrando menos adornos y contrastes de volúmenes. De esta forma, la simetría se ve generalizada y las columnas y dinteles remplazan a los arcos. Los frontones circulares fueron sustituidos por frontones triangulares y se pueden ver balaustradas en todas las edificaciones con este estilo.

Origen de la arquitectura neoclásica

La arquitectura neoclásica tuvo su origen en el siglo XVIII, la cual se originó como una reacción opuesta al barroco. Esta arquitectura se prolongó durante el siglo XIX y uno de los factores que más influencia tuvo en este estilo arquitectónico fue la revolución industrial, la cual tuvo un gran impacto en la modificación del estilo de vida durante esa época, influyendo en una gran cantidad de adelantos técnicos y científicos, por lo que se pudieron producir nuevos materiales de construcción y nuevas formas de planeación, las cuales se extendieron por el resto de Europa, aunque la transición entre barroco y neoclásico fue progresiva y tardo bastante.

El hecho de que en Francia estuvieran las formas menos cargadas o agresivas de barroco hizo que la transición a la arquitectura neoclásica fuera más sencilla, a diferencia de países como Alemania en donde la transición tardo más de 10 años.

El neoclasisismo se vio motivado por la atracción que generaba el mundo clásico en aquella época, con un gran interés por la arqueología, excavaciones de Pompeya y Herculano y el rechazo hacia las formas que eran generadas por el barroco.

arquitectura neoclásica 2

En el caso de España la irrupción del Neoclasisismo provino del exterior, ya que realmente no existe una necesidad interior de cambiar. Cuando en trono de España de la dinastía de Hasburrgo por la dinastía de los Borbones, con Felipe V. El rey que venía de Francia se acomodó en la corte de España con un grupo de artistas de Francia y de Italia y con ellos ingresaron las corrientes extranjeras.

En este caso, la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando tuvo un papel muy importante al momento de difundir los principios del arte clásico, ya que eran los encargados de enseñarle a los artistas.

Características principales de la arquitectura neoclásica

Para que tengas más claro cuáles son las características principales de la arquitectura neoclásica y cómo puedes distinguirla fácilmente te recomendamos tener en cuenta los siguientes puntos básicos:

  • Tiene un concepto de belleza que está basado en la pureza de las líneas arquitectónicas, en las proporciones sujetas a las leyes de medida y matemáticas y en la simetría.
  • Está inspirado en los monumentos de la antigüedad grecorromana.
  • Fue una reacción en contra del barroco y rococó.
  • Utiliza elementos básicos que se encuentran en la arquitectura básica como frontones, columnas, ordenes dórico, cúpulas, bóvedas, etc.
  • Destaca por la sencillez y un gran predominio arquitectónico antes que lo decorativo.

Historia de la arquitectura neoclásica

arquitectura neoclásica 3

Las primeras formas de la arquitectura neoclásica aparecieron durante el siglo XVIII y crecieron de forma paralela al Barroco, lo que funciona como una “corrección” a la extravagancia que tenía el barroco.

Así, el neoclasicismo fue visto como un sinónimo de “regresar a la pureza” que existían en las artes de Roma y de Grecia antiguas, así como a la percepción que se tenía sobre las artes antiguas y, en menor proporcionan, al clasicismo renacentista del siglo XVI.

De hecho, fue el antiguo arquitecto romano Vitruvio quien se encargó de teorizar las grandes órdenes de Grecia (dórica, jónica y corintia), así como la gran referencia de los arquitectos para poder descubrir la renovación de las formas de la arquitectura antigua, esto sucedió desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII hasta el año 1850. De aquellas semillas vienen estos frutos.

De esta forma, durante el siglo XVIII se notó en Europa un retorno al nuevo estilo arquitectónico clásico, mientras que el estilo arquitectónico barroco no fue del gusto de todos los países europeos, sobre todo en Reino Unido, por lo que muchos países adoptaron rápidamente el estilo arquitectónico neoclásico en el que se destacaba la simplicidad y la pureza arquitectónica clásica.

Al mismo tiempo que ocurría la corriente neoclásica, el siglo de las luces estaba comenzando su auge. Es por eso que La Enciclopedia tuvo una gran influencia en las costumbres y en la forma de pensar. Se considera que el neoclasicismo es el arte que surgió durante el periodo de la ilustración.

Fue así como consiguieron proliferar las construcciones que tenían el objetivo de ayudar a mejorar a la sociedad, como las bibliotecas, hospitales, teatros, museos y todo tipo de edificios públicos que estaban pensados para verse como un monumento que también embelleciera a la ciudad.

Esta nueva mentalidad ilustrada hizo el rechazo hacia la arquitectura barroca aumentara, buscando un estilo arquitectónico que buscara una validez más universal, con mayor funcionalidad y una esencia más práctica.

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417 comentarios en “Características de la arquitectura neoclásica”

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