Arquitectura Bizantina

757 comentarios / Historia de la Arquitectura
Arquitectura Bizantina
Santa Sofía en Estambul

 

Con la caída del Imperio Romano de Occidente, Constantino reubicó la capital del Imperio Romano de Oriente en Bizancio y comenzó una serie de reformas estructurales que impactaron en todas las disciplinas, así nació la arquitectura bizantina, con influencias romanas y orientales, ya que la posición geográfica de la ciudad era el paso obligado entre oriente y occidente.

Más adelante Bizancio trasmuto en Constantinopla, la nueva capital  cuyo nombre rinde homenaje al emperador que oficializó al cristianismo como culto del Imperio. La cultura y el arte giraron en torno a la construcción de edificios religiosos, como iglesias, monasterios y capillas.

 

Características de la Arquitectura Bizantina

Los edificios de la arquitectura bizantina se caracterizan por formas austeras en el exterior, con líneas clásicas y materiales pobres, como ladrillo y piedra, pero con interiores lujosos, intervenidos con mosaicos, cerámicas vidriadas, laminados de plata y oro, diseños bastantes coloridos, una influencia netamente oriental.

La cúpula sobre pechinas es la forma por excelencia de este estilo arquitectónico, una estructura que conecta una planta cuadrada con una circular a través de triángulos esféricos. Del universo romano tomaron el arco de medio punto.

De la arquitectura cristiana utilizan como referencia la planta centralizada, en forma de cruz mas alargada, pero se fue diferenciando y   con el tiempo se comenzó a utilizar la forma de la cruz con iguales proporciones (planta de cruz griega), tanto en su medida horizontal como vertical, este aspecto fue generando el sello propio de las iglesias bizantinas.

También hay exponentes de planta basilical, una estructura de nave rectangular, con naves adicionales separadas por columnas.

Otro elemento distintivo son las columnas bizantinas, derivadas de las romanas, pero con un estilo particular, mezcla entre columnas iónicas y corintias, con un nuevo patrón decorativo que les dieron un aspecto más importante.

Arquitectura Bizantina
Mosaicos Bizantinos

El uso de mosaicos fue prolífico en las obras de la arquitectura bizantina, muy coloridos y con representaciones religiosas adornan todas las iglesias de la época.

 

Etapas de Evolución de la Arquitectura Bizantina

 

La Primera Edad de Oro (siglos VI a VIII) o Periodo Inicial

Arquitectura Bizantina
Corte y Planta de Santa Sofía

En este primer período la diferenciación de la arquitectura romana es bastante sutil, la evidencia mas contundente es el cambio de los materiales de la construcción de la piedra al ladrillo, el uso de decoraciones interiores de mosaicos que reemplazaron a las estatuas y el realce de las cúpulas, para lograr estructuras con más altura.
De este periodo, bajo el reinado de Justiniano, es la iglesia de Santa Sofía de Estambul, dedicada a la Sabiduría Divina. La planta de este templo es una combinación de una planta basilical y una central. La estructura tiene tres naves, la nave central cuya cabecera se eleva una gran cúpula sobre pechinas, cuyas dimensiones son de 31 m. de diámetro y 55 metros de altura La cúpula es color dorado y tiene una gran cruz azul que le da un efecto mágico a la entrada de la luz. Santa Sofía fue transformada en Mezquita por los musulmanes y, actualmente es un museo.

 

Arquitectura Bizantina
San Vitale en Ravena

En Rávena, Italia hay otro templo bizantino, la basílica de San Vitale, construida en el siglo VII, de planta octogonal, cúpula central sobre pechinas sostenida por ocho pilares y profusión de mosaicos decorativos en su decoración interior.

 

 

 

La Segunda Edad de Oro (siglos IX a XII) o Periodo Intermedio

Tomando características propias, en la arquitectura bizantina de este periodo se destaca la construcción de iglesias de planta de cruz griega, cubiertas con cúpulas sobre tambores poligonales.

Arquitectura Bizantina
San Marcos en Venecia

La basílica de San Marcos de Venecia, se comenzó a construir en el año 828, de planta de cruz griega con forma de un rectángulo con cinco cúpulas sobre tambor. es una obra magnifica de este período, al igual que Santa Sofía, en Kiev, de planta con forma basilical de cinco naves y la iglesia principal de Dafni, en el conjunto de un monasterio ortodoxo del siglo XI, en Grecia.

 

La Tercera Edad de Oro (siglos XIII-XV)

Arquitectura Bizantina
Iglesia de la Asunción en el Kremlim de Moscu

Es la etapa de esplendor del arte bizantino donde se destaca la construcción de iglesias con plantas cubiertas mediante cúpulas abulbadas sobre tambores circulares. Muchas construcciones de este período se encuentran en países de Europa del Este, como Rumania y Bulgaria, llegando la influencia del imperio a tierras rusas donde se destaca la iglesia de la Asunción del Kremlim, en Moscu, con cinco cúpulas bulbosas.

 

 

Las iglesias griegas de Mistra (Peloponeso) y los monasterios ortodoxos del Monte Athos, también pertenecen a la arquitectura bizantina de este ultimo período.

 

La expansión de la cultura bizantina

 

El arte bizantino sobrevivió a la caída de Constantinopla en 1453, ya que con la expansión hacia tierras rusas y la consolidación del cristianismo ortodoxo en el Imperio Ruso, este espacio se erigió como natural herencia y continuación del arte bizantino.

La arquitectura bizantina influyó en Europa Occidental y también en Oriente, muchas mezquitas islámicas son ejemplos de arte bizantino, como la mezquita de los Omeyas en Damasco y la bellísima Cúpula de la Roca en Jerusalem, cuya decoración en mosaicos artesanales es propia del arte bizantino.

Arquitectura Bizantina
Cúpula de la Roca en Jerusalem

 

En países como Bulgaria, Rumania, Rusia y Georgia la arquitectura bizantina su influencia es tangible en innumerables expresiones arquitectónicas locales.

 

Durante el silo XIX se desarrolló una arquitectura neobizantina, una expresión más moderna, pero igualmente imponente, como se ve en la Catedral de Westminster, en Londres, con una nave ancha y las características cúpulas.

 

Exponentes de Arquitectura Bizantina en España

 

Arquitectura Bizantina
Catedral de Zamora

 

 

En España, el aporte de la arquitectura bizantina tiene el el grupo de los cimborrios de Duero bizantino-leoneses, la expresión mas importante con la Catebral de Zamora,  la catedral vieja de Salamanca y la Colegiata del Toro.

 

 

 

Muchos de los elementos bizantinos encontrados en estructuras españolas, fueron introducidos por la invasión árabe y la arquitectura islámica como la construcción con ladrillos y las fachadas austeras.

 

 

 

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