Hablar de la arquitectura renacentista es referirse al arte en su máxima expresión.
La arquitectura renacentista se desarrolla en el período del Renacimiento europeo de los siglos XIV, XV y XVI.
El Renacimiento, originario de Italia pasa a España de manera lenta y paulatina debido al gran arraigo y presencia del arte gótico-Isabelino en construcciones de la época.
Un ejemplo de la primera arquitectura renacentista en España fue el Palacio de los Duques de Medinaceli de Cogollodo, Guadalajara, una mezcla sorprendente de estilos tomando como referencia la arquitectura de los palacios del Quattrocento italiano.
¿Qué es el Renacimiento?
Es un movimiento que generó grandes cambios en las sociedades de la Edad Media y la Edad Moderna. El centro de dicho movimiento fue la persona, por eso el Renacimiento representó un llamado de atención de índole humanista a una Edad Media caracterizada por doctrinas y dogmas religiosos y sociales.
Los cambios generados por el renacimiento se evidenciaron esencialmente en el arte y en la arquitectura.
Principales Íconos Renacentistas
Entre las principales arquitecturas renacentistas de los siglos XV y XVI, se tienen:
- Palacio Medici Riccardi (1445-1460): Michelazzo di Bartolomeo
- Spedale degli Innocenti (1419-1445): Filippo Brunelleschi
- Convento de San Esteban (1604-1610): Juan de Álava y RG de Hontañón. Salamanca, España.
- Catedral del Arcángel (1505-1508): Aleviz Fryazin Noviy. Kremlin de Moscú. Rusia.
- Catedral de San Pablo (1675-1710): Sr. Christopher Wren. Londres.
Cinco Ejemplos de la Arquitectura Contemporánea
Los siguientes ejemplos de la arquitectura contemporánea representan una pequeña muestra de la riqueza heredada de la arquitectura renacentista. Son obras excepcionales plenas de esplendor y majestuosidad.
- Plaza Italia (1978): Charles Moore y Pérez Architects, Dowtown New Orleans, Lousiana.
- Waldspiral (1990): Friedensreich Hundertwasser y Heinz M Springmann, Alemania
- Templo de Loto (1986): Fariborz Sahba, Nueva Delhi, India.
- La Iglesia de Hallgrimur (1986): Guojón Samúelsson, ReiKiavik, Islandia
- Villa Savoye (1929): Le Corbusier, Poissy, París.
La Historia y el Arte Arquitectónico
Al inicio de la edad moderna se retomaron los tratados del arte clásico. Las obras de las civilizaciones antiguas se tomaron como referencia. Fue un período de valoración del pasado adaptándolo a las tendencias de la época (clasicismo).
Ya en los siglos XX y XXI de nuevo cobra relevancia el pasado y su legado, sobre todo en arquitectura y arte, manteniéndose el clasicismo. Sin embargo, este fue cambiando hacia una nueva tendencia llamada racionalismo, estilo que predomina en la arquitectura contemporánea.
El Racionalismo en la Arquitectura
El racionalismo se caracteriza principalmente por el estilo sobrio, sin excesos de adornos, ni figuras prominentes.
Se incluyen nuevos materiales como el acero y el hormigón armado. También el desarrollo de la tecnología se abre paso y se vuelve determinante en la manera de presentar los proyectos que se van a construir.
Otras características resaltantes del racionalismo son: La presencia de plantas y secciones ortogonales, fachadas simples libres de ornamentos y la presencia de ventanas de grandes dimensiones. La iluminación de los espacios juega un papel determinante.
Es importante añadir que existe una tendencia de un grupo de arquitectos de la época actual que realizan sus obras tomando inspiración en la arquitectura renacentista basada en el clasicismo, desarrollando así lo que hoy se conoce como neo-clasicismo. Esta tendencia o estilo utiliza toda la gama de materiales y tecnología que aporta el mundo contemporáneo pero sin perder de vista el arte clásico.
Como se ve, la arquitectura renacentista llena de belleza y armonía entre materiales, como el mármol y las piedras, con muros entrecruzados y el uso de cúpulas y columnas, de alguna manera, todavía tiene eco y vigencia.
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